Diagnostic Pathology: Cytopathology

Focal papillary urothelial carcinoma, IHC- interpretare.ppt

Carcinom papilar non-invaziv: tumora este localizata in straturile de Celulele epiteliale ajuta la protejarea organelor. Informații despre tipurile de tumori ale vezicii biliare. Cel mai frecvent tip este adenocarcinomul, mult mai rar întâlnindu-se carcinomul cu celule scuamoase. Terminologie in domeniul oncologiei - Hiperplazia reprezinta o proliferare de celule necanceroase.

In the adult organism Bcl-2 expression focal papillary urothelial carcinoma generally confined to cells that are rapidly dividing and differentiating. In lymphocytes, Bcl-2 is highly expressed in T-cells, pro-B cells and mature B-cells where lifespan is extended while downregulated in germinal center B-cells where apoptosis forms part of the developmental pathway in order to select only cells producing antibodies with high avidity Overexpression of Bcl-2 is common in many types of cancer, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukaemias, adenocarcinomas e.

Among the latter, strong Bcl-2 positivity has particularly been demonstrated in gastrointestinal stromal tumor, solitary fibrous tumor, and synovial sarcoma, while fibromatosis and "malignant fibrous histiocytoma" are usually negative.

Among malignant lymphomas, Bcl-2 protein overexpression is often caused by chromosomal translocation 14;18 with Bcl-2 gene rearrangement.

This is especially seen in follicular focal papillary urothelial carcinoma. Bcl-6 in ggl limf Bcl-6 in limfom folicular ALK anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase is a protein, kDa, a transmembrane receptor tyrosin kinase, presumably receptor for the growth factor pleiotrophin. In normal tissues, ALK protein is expressed by only few cells within the developing and focal papillary urothelial carcinoma nervous system glial cells, neurons, endothelial cells and pericytes ; ALK gene is translocated in ALCL, but also in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor and in diffuse large B cell lymphoma DLBCL.

They also produce more autoantibodies than normal CD5 negative B-cells. Lack of CD5 in the latter signifies a worse prognosis. CD5 has been detected in some cases of thymic carcinoma and atypical thymoma.

Other carcinomas are CD5 negative.

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CD5 in normal T focal papillary urothelial carcinoma CD5 in MZL CD10 CD10 is a single-chain cell focal papillary urothelial carcinoma glycoprotein, kDa, also designated common acute lymhoblastic leukaemia antigen CALLA CD10 is present on the cell surface of bone marrow stem cells and myelopoietic cells including neutrophilsfollicular centre cells, few mature Blymphocytes; CD10 is also found in enterocytes in the upper part of the intestinal tract brush border,in liver bile canaliculikidney glomerular and proximal tubular cellspulmonary alveolar cells, myoepithelial cells of breast.

CD10 is found in some cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma; small lymphocytic lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma are negative. CD20 appears on the surface of the pre-B lymphocyte between the time of light chain rearrangement and expression of intact surface immunoglobulin and is lost just before terminal B-cell differentiation into plasma cells.

Plasma cell neoplasms are as a rule CD20 negative. CD20 normal CD20 in CLL CD23 - low affinity IgE focal papillary urothelial carcinoma, Leu, FceRII; - In humans, main cellular expression of CD23 is found in B-lymphocytes strong expression in activated germinal center B-cells, weaker staining of resting mantle zone B-cellsmonocytes, follicular dendritic cells FDCs predominately in the apical light zone of the germinal center; - CD23 is typically expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL - the strongest expression is characteristically present in proliferation centers.

Diagnostic Pathology: Cytopathology

Some cases of mycosis fungoides can have significant CD30 expression; Expression of CD30 has also been demonstrated in embryonal carcinoma and some seminomas.

CD45 is lost in megakaryocytes and plasma cells. It is not detected on differentiated cells of other tissues. CD45 has intrinsic tyrosine phosphatase activity and is essential for development and effector functions, playing an important role in signal transduction, inhibition or upregulation of various immunological functions.

CD45 is detected in the large focal papillary urothelial carcinoma of haematolymphoid neoplasms, i. CD antibodies detect a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately kD, localized in the cytoplasm, often with relation to lysosomes.

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Positive staining is seen in different types of macrophages of monocyte lineage and antibodies also reacts with myeloid precursor cells in the bone marrow. Expressed in fibrous-histiocytic tumours and Langerhans cell histiocytosis, subtypes of myeloid leukaemia depending on focal papillary urothelial carcinoma Ab usedsome epithelial focal papillary urothelial carcinoma, epithelioid cells of some malignant melanomas CD68 in celule Kupffer CD31 transmembrane glycoprotein, kDa, also designated platelet-endothelium cell adhesion molecule PECAM-1belonging to the immunoglobulin super family.

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CD31 is strongly expressed in endothelial cells and weakly focal papillary urothelial carcinoma in megakaryocytes, platelets, occasional plasma cells, lymphocytes especially marginal zone B-cells, peripheral T-cells and neutrophils. CD31 is expressed in the focal papillary urothelial carcinoma majority of all types of vascular neoplasms, such as hemangioendothelioma, angiofibroma, hemangioma, and angiosarcoma. CD 31 is also expressed in most cases of Kaposi sarcoma CD31 in hemangioendoteliom infiltrativ in intestin CD34 CD34 focal papillary urothelial carcinoma named myeloid progenitor cell antigen is a heavily glycosylated type I transmembrane protein, kDa; role in adhesion; CD34 is found in most endothelia, expressed on the luminal surface and membrane processes interdigitating between endothelial cells, but is absent from large veins and arteries.

CD34 is detected in myeloid blasts in myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia; Also expressed in lymphoblasts in most cases of B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

This is tissue-specific and present only in endothelial cells, megakaryocytes and thrombocytes FVIII is expressed in most tumours with endothelial differentiation.

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In angiosarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma and Dabska tumour, the antigen can be demonstrated in a majority of, but not not all, cases Due to the specificity of the antigen, rather than the sensitivity, FVIII is often a part of the panel for the identification of benign and malignant vascular neoplasms, along with CD31 and CD The protein is a tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor for stem cell factor SCF ; CD is expressed in mast cells, melanocytes and interstitial cells of Cajal; The cells particularly the mast cells show a strong membrane as well as cytoplasmic staining.

The CK family is a highly complex multigene family of polypeptides, the molecular weight of which ranges from 40 to 68 kDa.

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Until now, 20 distinct CKs have been revealed excluding the so-called trichocytic keratins present in hair and nail-forming epithelia only. Clone CAM 5.

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The p63 gene is located at chromosome 3q and belongs to the p53 gene family. The same tumours are usually expressing cytokeratin 5. However, p63 often shows a more extended reaction. An important criterion for the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma is the absence of basal cells.

As these can be difficult to identify in routine sections, immunohistochemical identification of p63 and cytokeratin 5 may increase the sensitivity and specificity. Since negative staining for high molecular weight cytokeratin HMW-CK in atypical prostate glands may not be sufficient for a definitive diagnosis of malignancy, p63 may enhance the ability to diagnose limited prostate cancer. A cocktail staining is applicable.

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The combination of p63 and HMW-CK increases the sensitivity of basal cell detection P63 is used in identifying invasive foci in breast carcinomas which lack the myoepithelial cell layer. P63 in prostata normala CEA A glycoprotein comp of Ig superfamily adhesion molecule ; In normal adult tissue, CEA is expressed in the apical border and, to a lesser extent in the cytoplasm, of the columnar cells of colon, small intestine, and stomach surface epithelium, mucous neck cells and weakly in focal focal papillary urothelial carcinoma urothelial carcinoma mucous cellspancreatic ducts, secretory epithelia of sweat glands, squamous epithelial cells of the tongue, esophagus and uterine cervix, and urothelium.

The prostate is negative apart from urothelium lined secretory ducts. CEA is expressed in epithelial cell membranes and in the cytoplasm of focal papillary urothelial carcinoma papillary urothelial carcinoma cells in almost all cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma as well as a high proportion of adenocarcinomas of the salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, biliary tract, pancreas, small intestine, lung, uterine cervix and ovary mucinous type.

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CEA in colon normal Cadherins Cadherins are a family of calcium-dependent transmembrane cell adhesion glycoproteins. In connecting cells they comprise a part of the zonula adherens and desmosomes. Focal papillary urothelial carcinoma following tumours are almost always positive: adenocarcinoma of colorectum, stomach, pancreas, prostate, endometrium, uterine cervix, and thyroid. Among ovarian carcinomas, the mucinous type is almost always positive, while varying positivity is seen in the other types.

EMA is present in a variety of glandular secretory epithelia such as breast, eccrine and apocrine focal papillary urothelial carcinoma, and pancreas, whereas little or no EMA is expressed in the gastrointestinal epithelium, endocervical epithelium, and prostate glands.

Это было больше чем мечта, в этом он был уверен, и она отныне постоянно станет преследовать. Каким-то образом она завладела его сознанием еще во время того неописуемого, ни с кем не разделенного контакта, который случился у него с Вэйнамондом там, у Семи Солнц.

Знал ли сам Вэйнамонд, какой должна быть его одинокая судьба. Наступит день, когда энергия Черного солнца иссякнет и focal papillary urothelial carcinoma освободит своего узника.

И тогда на окраине Вселенной, когда само время начнет спотыкаться и останавливаться, Вэйнамонд и Безумный Разум должны будут встретиться среди остывших звезд.

It is abundantly expressed in central and peripheral neural tissues, particularly in the retina and in the neurons of the sensory pathways it is also expressed in steroid producing cells adrenal cortical cells, testicular Leydig cells, ovarian theca interna cellstesticular Sertoli cells, rete testis, ovarian surface epithelium, some neuroendocrine cells, breast glands, eccrine sweat glands, focal papillary urothelial carcinoma follicular cells, thymic epithelial cells, endometrial stromal cells, and fat cells Calretinin is also expressed by both normal and neoplastic mesothelial cells; it is an useful marker for the identification of malignant mesotheliomas of the epithelial type and for the differentiation of these malignancies focal papillary urothelial carcinoma lung adenocarcinoma In calretinin positive cells, the protein is generally found in both the cytoplasm and nuclei.

Mezoteliom CDX2 Cdx2, a human homeobox gene, encodes a transcription factor, which is involved in proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. The CDX2 protein is widely expressed in intestinal epithelium from the duodenum to the rectum.

The majority of colorectal adenocarcinomas, a large part of gastric adenocarcinomas, carcinoids of the Focal papillary urothelial carcinoma tract as well as adenocarcinomas of the ovary, urinary bladder and pancreas show CDX2 expression. Antibodies to CDX2 may be useful for identification of both primary and metastatic tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, including carcinoids Cromogranin chromogranins comprise a family of acid calciumbinding glycoproteins closely associated with the matrix of dense-core neurosecretory granules in virtually all neuroendocrine NE cells and neurons.

focal papillary urothelial carcinoma

Probably, these proteins are involved in packaging and processing of neuropeptides and peptide hormones. SYP may also be detected in other neural crest derived tumours like oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma and ependymoma. Moreover synaptophysin is focal papillary urothelial carcinoma in NE tumours like pancreatic islet tumours, carcinoid and focal papillary urothelial carcinoma carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and pituitary and parathyroid adenomas.

Also adrenal cortical tumours stain for synaptophysin. Syn in carcinoid intestinal Actina- clona HHF35 Labels myocardial, skeletal and smooth muscle cells as well as myoepithelial cells.

The antibody recognizes rhabdomyosarcomas, leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas, and also reacts with 'myofibroblasts' in the stroma of certain tumors including many carcinomas Actina - clona 1A4 This antibody labels smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells, and is useful for the identification of leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas and pleomorphic adenomas Actina- LMS a smooth muscle-specific protein involved in the regulation of smooth focal papillary urothelial carcinoma contraction.

Calponin a developmentally regulated protein thought to play a role in the regulation of the thin filamentassociated system of smooth muscle contraction. Caldesmon in leiomiom Desmin Desmin is an intermediate filament protein 53 kDa expressed in all striated muscle cells and most smooth muscle cells; Desmin play no role in contractility but serves to maintain the orientation focal papillary urothelial carcinoma actin and myosin filaments and may also play a role in nuclear transcription Desmin is detected in most tumours of myogenic origin, e.

IHC- interpretare.ppt

S protein focal papillary urothelial carcinoma be found in the cell membranes, cytoplasm and nuclei; S beta protein is present in glial cells, Schwann cells and satellite cells, melanocytes, myoepithelial cells, some glandular epithelia breast, kidneyskeletal and heart muscle cells, fat cells and chondrocytes, and focal papillary urothelial carcinoma dendritic cells. The immunohistochemical evaluation of S beta protein expression is important in the diagnosis of undifferentiated malignant tumours of unknown primary origin and should be included in the so-called primary panel.

S is a very sensitive marker for malignant melanoma of all types, a negative staining is exceedingly rare. Because of its low specificity, other markers should be included in a panel for malignant melanoma, such as vimentin and Melan- A. Vimentina Vimentin 57 kDa is the most ubiquituos intermediate filament protein and the first to be expressed during cell differentiation.

All primitive cell types express vimentin but in most non-mesenchymal cells it is replaced by other intermediate filament proteins during differentiation. Vimentin is expressed in a wide variety of mesenchymal cell types fibroblasts, endothelial cells etc. However, in non-vascular smooth muscle cells, vimentin is often replaced by desmin. In striated muscle, vimetin is also replaced by desmin.

However, during regeneration, vimentin is reexpressed. Cells of the lymfo-haemopoietic system lymphocytes, macrophages etc. Vimentin is also found in mesoderm derived epithelia, e. Sarcomas e. Mesoderm derived carcinomas like renal cell carcinoma, adrenal cortical carcinoma and adenocarcinomas from endometrium and ovary usually express vimentin. Also thyroid carcinomas are vimentin positive.

Any low differentiated cancer non focal papillary urothelial carcinoma lymphoma survival rate sarcomatoid carcinoma may express some vimentin.

focal papillary urothelial carcinoma

Vimentina in limfocite din amigdala Vimentina in glanda mamara Neurofilamente NFP is a class 4 intermediate filament protein comprising three heteropolymeric polypeptide units, 70 kda, kda and kDa.

NFP is represented in virtually all neurons.

IHC- interpretare.ppt

NFP can be demonstrated in the large majority of differentiated neuronal tumours: ganglioneuroma, ganglioneuroblastoma, etc. NF in meningiom NF in neurofibrom cel Schwann si fibroblaste neg Myo D1 The MyoD1 protein is a 45 kDa nuclear phosphoprotein which induces myogenesis through transcriptional activation of muscle-specific genes; Nuclear expression of Focal papillary urothelial carcinoma is restricted to skeletal muscle tissue and has been demonstrated to be a sensitive marker of myogenic differentiation; The antibody strongly labels the nuclei of myoblasts in developing skeletal muscle tissue, whereas the majority of adult papiloma intraductal cie 10 muscle is negative; MyoD1 immunostaining has been demonstrated in focal papillary urothelial carcinoma majority of rhabdomyosarcomas of various histological subtypes.

Myogenin Myogenin belongs to a family of regulatory proteins essential for muscle development. Expression of myogenin is restricted to cells of skeletal muscle origin, and appears to be inversely related to the degree of cellular differentiation.

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The antibody recognizes an epitope located in the amino acid region of the myogenin protein. It labels nuclei in the majority of human rhabdomyosarcomas and Wilms' tumors Myogenin in rabdomiosarcom Cancer antigen CA is a membrane mucin-like glycoprotein greater than kDa. The specific function is unknown.

In foetal tissue, CA is expressed in the amnion, coelomic and mullerian epithelium. In adult tissue CA is primarily expressed in mesothelial cells and in the luminal surface of epithelial cells of the fallopian tube, endometrium and endocervix.