Peritoneal cancer final stages

Anatomy and Embryology Department University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Haåieganu, Clinicilor street Cluj Napoca, Romania Received: Accepted: Rezumat Introducere: Carcinomatoza peritoneală reprezintă un stadiu avansat al cancerelor abdominale în general şi a cancerului colorectal în particular. Singurele metode peritoneal cancer final stages tratament disponibile la momentul actual pentru această patologie sunt chimioterapia sistemică caracter paliativ şi chirurgia citoreductivă CR asociată cu chimioterapie intraperitoneală hipertermică HIPEC.

Material şi metodă: În lucrarea de faţă am analizat prospectiv rezultatele imediate postoperatorii obţinutede către echipa noastră la primii 50 de pacienţi operaţi pentru carcinomatoză peritoneală de diferite origini. În ceea ce priveşte originea histopatologică, 30 de paciente au avut cancer ovarian; 19 pacienţi au avut carcinomatoză cu origine colorectală sau pseudomixom peritoneal de origine apendiculară.

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Nu a existat mortalitate la 30 de zile. Concluzii: Chirurgia citoreductivă urmată de chimioterapie intraperitoneală hipertermică este o procedură complexă însoţită de o incidenţă acceptabilă a complicaţiilor şi a deceselor postoperatorii, rezultatele putând fi optimizate prin management perioperator standardizat şi selecţia atentă a pacienţilor.

Rezultatele iniţiale obţinute de echipa peritoneal cancer final stages subliniază fezabilitatea acestei proceduri, cu rezultate imediate bune, obţinute ca rezultat a respectării unui protocol standardizat de selecţie a pacienţilor şi a managementului perioperator.

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peritoneal cancer final stages Cuvinte cheie: carcinomatoză peritoneală, cancer colorectal, cancer ovarian, pseudomixom peritoneal, chimioterapie intraperitoneală hipertermică, rezecţii multiorgan. Abstract Introduction: Peritoneal carcinomatosis represents an advanced stage of tumor dissemination of abdominal cancers in general and colorectal cancer in particular. The only therapeutic methods currently available for the treatment of this pathology are systemic chemotherapy palliative character and cytoreductive surgery CR with intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Material and method: In the present study we prospectively analyzed the immediate postoperative results obtained in the first 50 patients that were treated by our team for peritoneal carcinomatosis of different origin. Results: Peritoneal cancer final stages January till Dec we evaluated 98 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis.

In regard with the histopathological diagnosis, 30 patients had ovarian cancer and peritoneal cancer peritoneal cancer final stages stages had colorectal cancer or peritoneal pseudomixoma of appendicular origin. There was no 30 days postoperative mortality. Conclusions: Cytoreductive surgery followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy is a complex technique accompanied by an acceptable rate of complications and postoperative deaths, the results being optimized by a standardized perioperative management and patient selection.

The initial results obtained by our team emphasize the feasibility of this procedure, with immediate good results, as a result of a standardization protocol of patient selection and perioperative care.

Bartoæ et al of the cases, the recurrence will be limited to the peritoneum 1,2. For these patients, if the treatment involves only palliative systemic chemotherapy, the median survival rate will not exceed 15 months 2.

This study was performed to evaluate the clinical risk profile of patients with ovarian tumors who were surgically treated, measuring the survival rate at 5 years. Furthermore, the surgical treatment by TNM stages was achieved, measuring the survival rate after five years of follow-up. Most of the patients with malignant disease were multiparous

Cytoreductive surgery CR and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy HIPEC medicamentos de oxiuros proven their feasibility sinceperiod in which Sugarbaker has repeatedly reported favorable outcomes for patients with peritoneal pseudomixoma 3,4. Since then, the technique has been applied with promising results for patients diagnosed with peritoneal carcinomatosis of ovarian, gastric and appendicular origin as well as for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma 2.

Starting from yearinternational guidelines recommends applying this treatment in experienced centers, on selected cases peritoneal cancer final stages only when a complete cytoreduction R0 can be obtained Taking into account the favorable results reported in the literature and the high incidence of advanced colorectal pathology diagnosed and treated in the "Professor Dr.

Octavian Fodor" Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, starting we began a selection and treatment program for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis; all these in order to implement CR surgery and HIPEC as standard treatment in our institution 8. Principles The Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Index PCI represents a quantification score for the peritoneal cancer final stages of peritoneal neoplastic lesions, described for the first time by Sugarbaker 9.

It involves the evaluation of 13 abdomino-pelvic regions central, right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium, left flank, right flank, right iliac fossa, pelvis, left iliac fossa, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, proximal ileum, distal ileum and the scoring, depending on the size of the peritoneal neoplastic deposits.

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Thus, the PCI can be between 0 and 39, this score being designed to predict the likelihood of a complete cytoreduction The success of cytoreduction is evaluated and graded at the end of the surgical procedure by establishing the "completeness of cytoreduction" CC score 11, Thus, we are talking about a CC-0 score in cases where there are no macroscopically visible tumoral deposits after cytoreduction.

A CC-1 score is given when nodules smaller then 2. After Kitayama et al. A CC-3 score is given in cases when the remnant tumors are bigger then 2. In the case of colorectal cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis, a peritoneal cancer final stages CR CC-0 achieved with the cost of multiorgan resections and extended peritonectomies is the only option able to provide optimal results, the CC score being the main prognostic factor Intraperitoneal chemotherapy consists of an extended lavage of the peritoneal cavity with cytotoxic drugs.

The main advantage of intraperitoneal administration of chemotherapeutic agents is the low systemic toxicity that allows prolonged exposure in higher doses of the intra-abdominal tumors with anemie bebelusi agents. Regarding the temperature of intraperitoneal administration of cytotoxic agents, it has been shown that above 41 C they have selective cytotoxicity on tumor cells, activating protein papilloma lesioni, inhibiting the oxidative metabolism, increasing the ph, activating the lysosomes and the cellular apoptosis.

Moreover, temperatures above 41 C lead to augmentation of the cytotoxic effect of cytotoxic agents as well as increased absorption and penetration of the tumor tissue 2, The role of hyperthermia was highlighted in studies indicating the superiority of HIPEC versus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy EPIC or sequential postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy SPICboth normothermic lavage methods.

The benefits of HIPEC have been translated through prolonged survival with a lower rate of recurrence and peritoneal cancer final stages complications Achieving the optimal temperature C and maintaining it are peritoneal cancer final stages by the presence of an increased flow of the intraperitoneal lavage, which is possible thanks to dedicated devices The role of systemic chemotherapy remains particularly important, essentially contributing in completing the correct treatment through its neoadjuvant or adjuvant character, case depending.

Furthermore, concomitant peritoneal cancer final stages administration of systemic cytotoxic agents leads to an enhancement of the cytotoxic intraperitoneal effect by reaching a bidirectional diffusion gradient.

Typically, minutes before HIPEC, intravenous 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid are administrated 19, Material and Method Starting Januarywe began using this treatment on patients histopathological diagnosed with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal adenocarcinoma, peritoneal cancer final stages mucoceles, ovarian adenocarcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma.

To establish the opportunity for surgery, we followed a standard protocol with routine multidisciplinary meetings: surgeon, anesthesiologist, oncologist. All patients who were referred to our team were clinically and imagistically evaluated. The investigations used to assess the extent of the neoplastic disease were thoraco-abdominal CT scan with intravenous contrast agent and PET-CT when appropriate - suspicion of distant dissemination with inconclusive CT scan result.

Except for patients with peritoneal pseudomyxoma, a PCI greater than 20 contraindicated the surgery. The surgical procedure has also been standardized.

Profilul de risc clinic asociat cancerului ovarian

The resection time meant the excision of all tumor deposits in block with the invaded organs multiorgan resections - MOR 12,24the goal being to obtain a CC-0 abdominal peritoneal cancer final stages pediatric for all patients Fig.

For this purpose, when needed, vascular or urogenital resections with consecutive reconstructions were performed. In order to minimize the septic risks, the sectioning of the digestive tract was done Chirurgia, 25 A. Bartoæ et al A B Figure 1. En block multiorgan resection during cytoreductive surgery from the personal archive of the authors using mechanical suture devices staplers.

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HIPEC time was performed using the open approach with the abdominal wall suspended by Thompson autostatic retractor: the Colosseum technique Fig. The cytostatic drug was chosen according to the anatomopathological diagnosis and the literature recommendations.

Clinical risk profile associated with ovarian cancer

In patients with extensive digestive resections, those with gastric resections or those with poor nutritional status, jejunostomy was routinely performed. Surgeries involving recto-sigmoid resection were completed with terminal colostomy. The discharge of the patients was done Figure 2. Figure 3. Postoperative follow-up required 1-month follow-up and then from 3 to 3-month periodical examinations, including clinical examination, blood count, blood biochemistry, tumor markers CEA, CA, as appropriatequality of life questionnaires EuroQol 5-D Considering that the surgical procedure CR and the intraperitoneal chemotherapy HIPEC are peritoneal cancer final stages for all of the abovementioned diagnoses the procedure generally peritoneal cancer final stages applied on patients with peritoneal carcinomatosiswe included in our study all the patients with this diagnosis, regardless of the origin of their primary tumor.

peritoneal cancer final stages

Thus, we included in our analysis the first 50 consecutive patients diagnosed with peritoneal carcinomatosis, following immediate postoperative outcomes. Postoperative complications were classified using the Clavien- Dindo classification and were quantified up to 60 days postoperatively The quality of life form was completed at routine post-operative checks, according to the protocol.

In 15 patients, surgery was limited to exploratory laparotomy, intraoperative exploration indicating an extension peritoneal cancer final stages neoplastic disease that peritoneal cancer final stages not suitable for cytoreduction.

CR and HIPEC technique have been successfully applied to 50 patients: 14 with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal etiology, 5 with peritoneal pseudomyxoma of appendicular origin, 30 of ovarian origin and 1 of gastric origin. The median age was Median body mass index ICM was. All patients had comorbidities Table 2. The carcinomatosis index ranged between 1 and The median operating time was minutes min max Blood loss was between 0 and ml with a median of ml.

Complete peritoneal cancer final stages CC0 was obtained in all patients.

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Taking in account the Clavien-Dindo classification, 3 of the patients experienced grade IIIb complications ischemic digestive perforations and intestinal occlusion requiring surgical reintervention. One of these died 51 days postoperatively developing grade V complication.

One patient developed a grade IV complication adverse effects of intraperitoneal and systemic Chirurgia, 27 A.

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Bartoæ et al Table 2. Associated diseases. No 30 days postoperative mortality was recorded. One patient died 51 days after surgery, after developing late postoperative necrosis of the aponeurosis and 2 intestinal ischemic perforations, complications that led to septic and multiple organ failure.

peritoneal cancer final stages

Thus, the day mortality was 1. The median stay in the intensive care unit was of 5 days min 2 - max Median hospitalization was The median follow-up was of peritoneal cancer final stages. Table 3. The selection of patients who can benefit from this treatment is essential.

The patient's biological status must be acceptable, with a proper performance status. Thus, according to the Karnofski score, ideal patients should have a score between 60 and Also, patient age should be an important selection criterion.

The Canadian guidelines indicate 65 years as 'cut off'. Over this age, surgery is recommended only for carefully selected patients without co-morbidity, low IC and less aggressive histopathology Knowing the extent of neoplastic disease is essential in the selection of cases.

Intraoperative assessment laparoscopy or peritoneal cancer final stages of the extension of peritoneal carcinomatosis is the only procedure that can ultimately evaluate the opportunity and the possibility of performing a surgical procedure peritoneal cancer final stages a radical, oncological intend. Thus, PCI can estimate the extent to which complete cytoreduction can be performed, with a direct impact on survival.

The final assessment of PCI can be done only by laparotomy In the same idea, HIPEC prophylaxis is also under discussion in patients considered at risk T3-T4 tumorsespecially when peritoneal lavage with histopathological extemporaneous examination is positive.

This topic is highly discussed in the literature; the ongoing studies will determine whether this attitude is justified or not 38, Tumor invasion at the level of vital, unresectable structures aorta, vena cava contraindicate the surgery. The presence of hepatic metastases is peritoneal cancer final stages relative contraindication, segmental peritoneal cancer final stages being accepted.

The need for major liver resections, duodenopancrea- Chirurgia, 29 A. Bartoæ et al tectomy or pelvic exenteration will contraindicate the intervention, with rare exceptions limited disease, very good biological status, well differentiated histopathological forms 32, The histopathological origin of the tumor must be known before surgery; the biopsy can be taken by endoscopy, percutaneous ultrasound guided or laparoscopic approach. As a guide line, the indication of CR and HIPEC in patients with poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumors should be established with caution, in these cases the benefits being poor.

Profilul de risc clinic asociat cancerului ovarian

By modest results, presence of signet ring cell, associated with other relative contraindications, limits the applicability of this technique Analyzing our data, we also noticed a much more modest outcome in relation to the presence of signet cell adenocarcinoma, the only patient that we had with this histopathology developing lymph node metastases at 6 months and died at 14 months after surgery. Because of the small number of patients with this histopathological origin in our studywe were not able to draw statistical conclusions.

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In general, the surgery will not be performed in case of bowel occlusion, although there are reports that indicate CR and HIPEC under emergency conditions as feasible 32, The surgeon must have a good expertise in oncologic surgery, most of the time tumorresections leading to MOR, required in peritoneal cancer final stages to achieve R0 resection margins.

Among the postoperative complications, the infectious type ranges first Intraperitoneal chemotherapy per se can cause systemic toxicity with consecutive side effects 51, Two of the patients operated by our team developed such a complication. As a result, the analysis of our initial experience the first 50 cases indicates a morbidity and mortality that falls within the limits reported by centers with high experience in the field.

"Chirurgia (Bucharest, Romania : )"[Journal] - PubMed Result

Of course, the final validation of the results will also come with the analysis of the survival curves and the factors that influence the long outcomes, a project peritoneal cancer final stages is progress in our service Chirurgia, 210 Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Our Initial Experience Although the literature indicates the feasibility of reintervention with repeated CR and HIPEC procedure for intraperitoneal tumor recurrence 54in the two cases with intraabdominal tumor recurrence, we failed to repeat the procedure due to the intense adhesion syndrome and extent of neoplastic disease.

Although highly complex procedures, indicated for a very advanced stage of neoplastic disease, postoperative controls at months have shown a surprisingly good quality of life, most patients succeeding in reintegrating themselves rapidly into the family-social environment.

Future research in the field are dedicated to the improvement of the cytostatic drugs with the help of nanotechnology 55as well as research in the field of hyperthermia, the standardization of temperature curves peritoneal cancer final stages chemotherapeutic concentrations being essential 56, Stoian Raluca has the same contribution as peritoneal cancer final stages first author, therefore being considered main peritoneal cancer final stages as well.

peritoneal cancer final stages

Adrian Bartoş, Dana Bartoş, Raluca Stoian, Caius Breazu equally contributed to this article see below the contributions so for that, they are all main authors: - conception and design of the article and the acquisition of data; - drafting the article; - final approval of the version to be published.

Ioana Iancu, Cristian Cioltean, Cornel Iancu had substantial contributions oxiuros que causa conception, design of the review and acquisition of data.

Mitre Călin, Adina Hadade, Părău Angela and Claudia Militaru had substantial contributions in regard with drafting the article and revising it critically. Conclusions The good initial peritoneal cancer final stages obtained after the implementation of the CR and HIPEC technique in our institution emphasize the feasibility of this procedure as a standard treatment for patients diagnosed with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal, appendicular and ovarian origin.

Furthermore, we consider that these results underline peritoneal cancer final stages fact that applying a standardized protocol in case selection, operative technique and perioperative care and working with dedicated multidisciplinary peritoneal cancer final stages surgeons, ATI physician, oncologist, nursespecialized in abdominopelvic oncological surgery will lead to optimal immediate results, even before the completeness of the literature stated peritoneal cancer final stages curve of CR and HIPEC.

Part of the data presented in this article is part of the first author's PhD research Adrian Bartoş. The authors declare no conflicts of interests. References 1. Peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin: incidence and current treatment strategies. Annals of surgery. Surgical treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis: current treatment modalities. Malignant pseudomyxoma peritonei of colonic origin. Natural history and presentation of a curative approach to treatment.

Diseases of the colon and rectum. Peritoneal carcinomatosis from appendiceal cancer: results in 69 patients treated by cytoreductive surgery peritoneal cancer final stages intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

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ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Annals of Oncology. Bartoæ et al with advanced colorectal cancer. Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery for the prevention and treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis. Seminars in surgical oncology. Surgical Indications. In: Merlini Peritoneal cancer final stages, editor.